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Stainless Steel Sheets
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Introduction to Stainless Steel Sheet
In metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a ferrous alloy with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content. The name originates from the fact that stainless steel stains, or rusts, less easily than ordinary steel. Stainless steel has higher resistance to oxidation (rust) and corrosion in several environments.
High oxidation resistance in air at ambient temperature is normally achieved with additions of more than 12% (by weight) chromium. The chromium forms a layer of chromium (III) oxide (Cr2O3) when exposed to oxygen. The layer is too thin to be visible, meaning the metal stays shiny. It is, however, impervious to water and air, protecting the metal beneath. Also, when the surface is scratched this layer quickly reforms. This phenomenon is called passivation by materials scientists, and is seen in other metals, such as aluminium. When stainless steel parts such as nuts and bolts are forced together, the oxide layer can be scraped off causing the parts to weld together. When disassembled, the welded material may be torn and pitted, an effect that is known as galling.
Types of Stainless Steel Sheet
There are different types of stainless steels: when nickel, for instance is added the austenite structure of iron is stabilized. This crystal structure makes such steels non-magnetic and less brittle at low temperatures. For higher hardness and strength, carbon is added. When subjected to adequate heat treatment these steels are used as razor blades, cutlery, tools etc.
Significant quantities of manganese have been used in many stainless steel recipes. Manganese preserves an austenitic structure in the steel as does nickel, but at a lower cost.
Stainless Steel Classifications
Stainless steels are also classified by their crystalline structure:
- Austenitic stainless steels comprise over 70% of total stainless steel production. They contain a maximum of 0.15% carbon, a minimum of 16% chromium and sufficient nickel and/or manganese to retain an austenitic structure at all temperatures from the cryogenic region to the melting point of the alloy. A typical composition is 18% chromium and 8% nickel, commonly known as 18/8 stainless. "Superaustenitic" stainless steels, such as alloy AL-6XN, exhibit great resistance to chloride pitting, crevice corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking over the 300 series.
- Ferritic stainless steels are highly corrosion resistant, but far less durable than austenitic grades and cannot be hardened by heat treatment. They contain between 10.5% and 27% chromium and very little nickel, if any. Most recipes include molybdenum; some, aluminium or titanium. Common ferritic grades include 18Cr-2Mo, 26Cr-1Mo, 29Cr-4Mo, and 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni.
- Martensitic stainless steels are not as corrosion resistant as the other two classes, but are extremely strong and tough as well as highly machineable, and can be hardened by heat treatment. They contain 11.5 to 18% chromium and significant amounts of carbon. Some grades include additional alloying elements in small quantities.
| Grade |
End Use |
Composition
nominal wt% |
Specifications |
Density
lb/in3 (g/cm3) |
Tensile
Strength
ksi. (MPa) |
0.2% Yield
Strength
ksi. (MPa) |
Elongation % |
Hardness |
300 Series
300 Series stainless steels are the most widely used products produced by Allegheny Ludlum Corporation. They are classified as austenitic, and are hardenable only by cold working methods. These grades of stainless have chromium (approx. 18 to 30%) and nickel (approx. 6 to 20%) as their major alloying additions. Type 304 (also known as 18-8) is the most widely used alloy of all stainless steels. |
301
Annealed
1/4H
1/2H
FH |
An austenitice stainless steel. The high strength of this grade of steel in the six available conditions or tempers, its resistance to atmosphere corrosion and its bright, attractive surface make it an excellent choice for decorative structural applications. |
C .15, Mn 2.0, P .045, S 0.3, Si .75, Cr 16-18, Ni 6-8, N .1 |
ASTM A240
ASTM A666 |
0.29
(-8.03) |
75
(-515) |
30
(-205) |
40 |
95 Rb |
| 302 |
Chromium-Nickel austenitic alloy. Used for a wide variety of home and commercial applications, this is one of the most familiar and most frequently used alloys in the stainless steel family. Refrigerators, Dishwashers, Blenders, Mixers, Washing machines, Counters and Racks |
C 0.15, Mn 2.0, P .045, S .03, Si .75 Cr 17-19, Ni 8-10, N .1 |
ASTM A240
ASME SA-240 |
0.285
(-7.9) |
75
(-515) |
30
(-205) |
40 |
92 Rb |
| 303 |
A non-magnetic austenitic stainless steel specifically designed to exhibit improved machinability. Medical and pharmaceutical components and parts |
C 0.15, Mn 2, Si 1.0, Cr 17-19, Ni 8-10, P 0.20, S 0.15, Mo 0.60, Fe Balance |
ASTM A895
SAE J405 |
0.29
(-8.03) |
75-90
(517-621) |
30-40
(207-276) |
35-50 |
92 Rb |
| 304 |
Chromium-Nickel austenitic alloy. Used for a wide variety of home and commercial applications, this is one of the most familiar and most frequently used alloys in the stainless steel family. Sanitary, Cryogenic, and Pressure-containing applications, Home and commercial appliances, Tank structural parts and processing equipment |
C .08, Mn 2.0, P .045, S .03, Si .75 Cr 18-20, Ni 8-10.5, N .10 |
ASTM A240
ASME SA-240 |
0.285
(-7.9) |
75
(-515) |
30
(-205) |
40 |
92 Rb |
| 304L |
Chromium-Nickel austenitic alloy. Used for a wide variety of applications, this is one of the most familiar and most frequently used alloys in the stainless steel family. Sanitary, Cryogenic, and Pressure-containing applications, Home and commercial appliances, Tank structural parts and Processing equipment. Typically used where welding is requires including various types of tubing |
C .03, Mn 2, P .045, S .03, Si .75, Cr 18-20, Ni 8-12, N .1 |
ASTM A240
ASME SA-240 |
0.285
(-7.9) |
70
(-485) |
25
(-170) |
40 |
92 Rb |
| 305 |
Chromium-Nickel austenitic alloy. Used for a wide variety of applications, this is one of the most familiar and most frequently used alloys in the stainless steel family used in applications where good corrosion resistance as well as excellent drawing ability is needed. Writing instruments, Utensils, Tank covers and drawn housings |
C .12, Mn 2.0, P .045, S .03, Si .75, Cr 17-19, Ni 10.5-13, |
ASTM A240
ASME SA-240 |
0.285
(-7.9) |
75
(-515) |
30
(-205) |
40 |
88 Rb |
| 309/309S |
Austenitic stainless steel typically used for elevated temperature applications. Furnace parts - conveyor belts, rollers, burner parts, refractory supports, retorts and oven linings, fans, tube hangers, baskets and trays to hold small parts; Containers for hot concentrated acids, ammonia and sulfer dioxide; contact with hot acetic and citric acid. |
Type 309 - C .2, Mn 2.0, P .045, S.03, Si .75 Cr 22-24, Ni 12-15, Fe bal Type 309S - C .08, Mn 2.0, P .045, S .03, Si. 75, Cr 22-24, Ni 12-15, Fe Bal |
ASTM A167
ASTM A240 |
.29/ .29
(8.03/ 8.03) |
90/ 97.1
(621/ 670) |
42/ 50.9
(290/ 351) |
49/ 44.6 |
|
| 310L |
An austenitic alloy. The alloy is a modification of the 310S alloy for enhanced corrosion resistance to concentrated nitric acid and other strong oxidizing environments. Processing equipments where nitric acid is present |
Mn 1.10, Cr 24.5, Ni 20.5 (nominal) |
|
0.287
(-7.95) |
75
(-517.1) |
30
(-206.9) |
40 |
95 Rb |
310
310S |
Furnace parts such as conveyor belts, rollers, burner parts, refractory supports, retorts and oven linings, fans, tube hangers, and baskets and trays to hold small parts. Chemical process industry to contain hot concentrated acids, ammonia, and sulfur dioxide and in the food processing industry, they are used in contact with hot acetic and citric acid |
310: C .25, Mn 2, P 0.045, S 0.03, Si 1.5, Cr 24-26, Ni 19-22, Fe balance 310S: C 0.08, Mn 2, P 0.045, S 0.30, Si 1.5, Cr 24-26, Ni 19-22, Fe balance |
ASTM A167
ASTM A240 |
0.29
(-8.03) |
89.5/90.5
(617/624) |
42.4/45.6
(292/314) |
45/42/6 |
|
| 316 |
Austenitic stainless steel typically used for elevated temperature applications. Handling hot organic and fatty acids, boat rails and hardware and facades of buildings near the ocean |
C .08, Mn 2.0, Si .75, Cr 16-18, Ni 10-14, Mo 2-3, P .045, S .03, N .1, Fe Bal |
ASTM A240
ASME SA-240 |
0.29
(-8.03) |
75
(-515) |
30
(-205) |
40 |
95 Rb |
| 316L |
Molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steels which is more resistant to general corrosion and pitting/crevice corrosion than the conventional chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels. This alloy also offers higher creep, stress-to-rupture and tensil strength at elevated temperature. Handling hot organic and fatty acids, boat rails and hardware and facades of buildings near the ocean. Maximize life cycle costs in pulp and paper production equipment. |
C .03, Mn 2.0, Si .75, Cr 16-18, Ni 10-14, Mo 2-3, P .045, S .03, N 0.1, Fe Bal |
ASTM A240
ASME SA-240 |
0.29
(-8.03) |
89
(-612) |
43
(-299) |
54 |
95 Rb |
| 316Ti |
Similar to Grade 316L except that 316Ti has better high temperature strength, and mechanical strength. Used for equipment exposed to aggressive corrosive conditions and high temperature applications,including automotive flexible connectors, welded bellows, chimney liners, and flexible ducting. |
C .08, Mn 2.0, Si .75, Cr 16-18, Ni 10-14, Mo 2-3, P 0.045, S 0.03, N 0.1, Ti 0.15-0.70, balance Fe |
ASTM A240
ASME SA-240 |
0.289
(-8) |
90
(-621) |
36
(-54) |
248 |
76 Rb |
| 317 |
Molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steels which are more resistant to general corrosion and pitting/crevice corrosion than the conventional chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels. These alloys offer higher creep, stress-to-rupture and tensile strength at elevated temperature. |
Type 317 - C .08, Mn 2.0, Si .75, Cr 18-20, Ni 11-15, Mo 3-4, P .045, S .03, N .10, Fe Bal |
ASTM A240
ASME SA-240 |
0.29
(-8.03) |
75
(-515) |
30
(-205) |
35 |
95 Rb |
| 321 |
A stabilized stainless steel which offers an excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion following exposure to temperature in the chromium carbide precipitation range from 800 to 1500 Deg F. Boiler and Pressure Vessels |
C .09, Mn 2.0, P .045, S .03, Si .75, Cr 17-18, Ni 9-12, Ti .7, N .1 Fe Bal |
ASTM A240/A240M ASME SA-240/SA-240M AMS 5510 |
0.286
(-7.92) |
75
(-515) |
30
(-205) |
40 |
95 Rb |
| 334 |
A titanium- and aluminum-bearing austenitic stainless steel offering superior elevated temperature scaling resistance compared to the conventional chromium-nickel stainless steels. Heated electric heating elements, |
C 0.03, Mn 1.0, P .02, S .015, Si .75, Cr 19-19.5 Ni 19-20, Ti .4, Al .4, Cu .2 Fe Bal |
UL 1030 |
0.29
(-8.03) |
83
(-572) |
35
(-241) |
40 |
82 Rb |
| 347 |
Stabilized stainless steel which offers excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion following exposure to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation rages from 800 to 1500 Deg F. Radiant heaters, Aerospace components and Oil Refining equipment |
C .08, Mn 2.0, P .045, S .03, Si .75, Cr 17-19, Ni 9-13, Cb+Ta 1.0, Fe Bal |
ASTM A240
ASME SA-240 |
0.288
(-7.96) |
75
(-515) |
30
(-205) |
40 |
95 Rb |
| 348 |
Stabilized stainless steel which offers an excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion following exposure to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range from 800 to 1500 Deg F. Nuclear power applications |
C .08, Mn 2.0, P .045, S .03, Si.75, Cr 17-19, ni 9-13, Cb+Ta 1.0, Ta .10, Co .2, Fe Bal |
ASTM A240
ASME SA-240 |
0.289
(-7.96) |
75
(-515) |
30
(-205) |
40 |
92 Rb |
400 Series
These grades of stainless have 11 to 30% chromium as the major alloy addition and are low carbon. Ductility and formability are less than that of the austenitic grades. The corrosion resistance competes with the austenitic grades for certain applications. Thermal conductivity is about half that of carbon steels. Ferritic stainless steels are magnetic, and resistance to high-temperature corrosion is better than that of martensitic types. They generally have good ductility and can be welded or fabricated without difficulty. These grades can be processed to develop an aesthetically pleasing, bright finish and, hence, are sometimes used for automotive trim and appliance molding. They also find use in functional applications where cost is a major factor, e.g., automotive exhaust systems, catalytic converters, radiator caps, and chimney liners. These grades can be hardened by cold rolling, but cannot be hardened as much as the austenitic alloys. |
| 410 |
Hardenable, straight-chromium stainless steel which combines superior wear resistance with excellent corrosion resistance. |
C .15, Mn 1.0, Si 1.0, Cr 11.5-13.5, Ni 0.5, S .03, Ph .04 |
|
0.276
() |
74
(-510) |
42
(-290) |
34 |
38-45 Rc |
| 416 |
A Martensitic free-machining stainless steel which can be hardened by heat treatment to higher strength and hardness levels. Cutlery, Dental & Surgical Instruments |
C 0.15, Mn 1.25, Si 1.0, Cr 12-14, P 0.06, S 0.15, Mo 0.60, Fe Balance |
ASTM A895
ASTM A194
AMS 5610
SAE J405 |
0.276
(-7.64) |
75-90
(517-621) |
40-50
(276-345) |
15-30 |
|
| 420 |
Hardenable, straight-chromium stainless steel which combines superior wear resistance with excellent corrosion resistance. Cutlery, Dental and surgical instruments, nozzles, valve parts, hardened steel balls and seats for oil well pumps, separating screens and strainers, springs, shears, and wear surfaces |
C .15-.40, Mn 1.0, Si 1.0, Cr 12-14, Ni 0.5, S .03, Ph .04 |
|
0.278
() |
85
(-586) |
45
(-310) |
29 |
53-57 Rc |
| 440A |
Hardenable, straight-chromium stainless steel which combines superior wear resistance with excellent corrosion resistance. Cutlery, dental and surgical instruments, nozzles, valve parts, hardened steel balls and seats fro oil well pumps, separating screens and strainers, springs, shears, and wear surfaces |
C .60-.75, Mn 1.0, Si 1.0, Cr 16-18, Mo .75, Ni .50, S.03, Ph .04 |
|
0.278
() |
104
(-717) |
62
(-427) |
20 |
57-60 Rc |
| 440C |
A Martensitic stainless steel hardenable to high harness levels for wear resistance applications and corrosion resistance above carbon steel. Bearings, Valve parts, Cutlery and Industrial knives |
Cr 16.5, C 1.0, Si 1.0 |
ASTM A276
AMS 5630
QQ-S-763 |
0.287
() |
110
() |
65
() |
|
58 Rc |
PH Grades
Precipitation hardening stainless steels are designed to be formable and can subsequently be heat treated to strength levels several times that of Type 304. These materials are semi-austenitic (or sometimes called metastable austenitics) and contain chromium and nickel as the major alloying elements. Corrosion resistance is usually better than that of straight chromium ferritics. |
| 13-8 Mo |
Stainless steels that are designed to be formable and can subsequently be heat treated to strength levels several times that of Type 304. Annealed properties are shown, consult product Technical Data Bluesheets for heat treated properties. These materials are semi-austenitic (or sometimes called metastable austenitic) or martensitic and contain chromium and nickel as the major alloying elements. Corrosion resistance is usually better than that of straight chromium ferritics. |
Cr 13, Ni 8, Mo 2, Al, low C, balance Fe |
ASM 5864
ASTM A693
ASME SA 693 |
0.279
(-7.72) |
155
(-1070) |
115
(-790) |
18 |
33 Rc |
| 15-5PH |
A Precipitation Hardening alloy exhibiting high strength and moderate corrosion resistance. This alloy was designed to have greater toughness than S17400, especially in the through-thickness (short transverse) direction. |
Cr 15, Ni 5, Cu 3, Cb, balance Fe |
ASTM A-693
ASME SA-693
AMS 5862 |
0.281
(-7.78) |
150
(-1030) |
110
(-760) |
10 |
33 Rc |
| 15-7Mo |
AL 15-7 is a semi-austentic precipitation hardenable stainless steel. It is used where high strength is required is required in the final form and formability is required during fabrication. The material is supplied in the austentic state where is can be formed into shape. Subsequently it is heat treated by a two step process to form a martensitic structure and precipitates. The material has a moderate level of corrosion resistance approaching that of Type 304 stainless steel. The market application for 15-7 includes spring type applications in aerospace and other industrial markets. |
Cr 15, Ni 7, Mo 2, AL 1, balance Fe |
ASTM A-693
ASME SA-693
AMS 5520 |
0.282 (-7.81) |
130 (-900) |
55 (-380) |
30 |
88 Rb |
| 17-4PH |
AL 17-4 is a martensitic stainless steel that is capable of precipitation hardening. It has very high strength and hardness. It is used in the aerospace market. Fasteners, air frame parts, valve parts, fittings |
Cr 17, Ni 4,Cu 3, Cb, balance Fe |
ASTM A-693
ASME SA-693
AMS 5604 |
0.28
(-7.75) |
150
(-1030) |
110
(-760) |
8 |
33 Rc |
| 17-7PH |
A chromium-nickel-aluminum precipitation hardening stainless steel used for applications requiring high strength and a moderate level of corrosion resistance. Flat springs, Bellows, Diaphragms, and Fasteners, Cockpit doors |
Cr 17, Ni 7, AL 1, balance Fe |
ASTM A-693
ASME SA-693
AMS 5528
AMS 5529 (cr temper) |
0.282
(-7.81) |
120
(-830) |
50
(-345) |
35 |
85 Rb |
| AM 350 |
AM 350 is a semi-austentic precipitation hardenable stainless steel. It is capable of high strength and hardness after heat treatment. It is produced with high melt cleanliness for improved mechanical properties and resistance to fatigue failure. It also has good weldability. Typical market applications include bellows and seals for the aerospace and semiconductor industries. |
Cr 16, Ni 4, Mo 3, balance Fe |
ASTM A-693
ASME SA-693
AMS 5548 |
0.282
(-7.81) |
170
(-1175) |
70
(-485) |
30 |
100 Rb | Go to Stainless Steel Sheet Inventory
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